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Volume 6, Issue 4 (November 2019)                   IJML 2019, 6(4): 266-274 | Back to browse issues page

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Takesh A, Fatahinia M, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A. In Vitro Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Three Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants; Umbilicus Intermedius Boiss, Cuminum Cyminum and Zingiber Officinale Extracts. IJML 2019; 6 (4) :266-274
URL: http://ijml.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.html
In Vitro Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Three Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants; Umbilicus Intermedius Boiss, Cuminum Cyminum and Zingiber Officinale Extracts
Ameneh Takesh , Mahnaz Fatahinia * , Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute and Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
Keywords: Antifungal, Cumin, Ginger, Medicinal plants, Umbilicus intermedius boiss
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 Introduction
The use of medicinal plants for treating fungal and bacterial diseases has a long history. Today, the use of herbal medicines has increased due to microorganisms’ resistance to chemical drugs and the side effects of these drugs. Most of the drugs have a chemical origin, but about one-third of all pharmaceutical preparations have plant origin or extractions which are modified. For example, approximately 25% of drugs in the United States are made of medicinal herbs[1, 2]. One of these herbs is Nafe Venus plant [3] .
Nafe Venus (Umbilicus intermedius boiss, Genus: Umbilicus) is a hydrous perennial floral plant, which includes approximately 11 to 30 species. It belongs to the stonecrop family Crassulaceae (including approximately 1400 species and 34 or 35 genera). Nafe Venus is 20-35 cm high with simple green leaves including alternate, scutate, convex, lob ate-crenate, stem leaves linear, wedge-shaped and serrate. It produces white, yellow flower clusters from March to June. The plant flowers are pendent in compact spike, urceolate-tubular, congregations [4]. Although Umbilicus intermedius has worldwide distribution, it is found more frequently in southern Africa, deserts of Israel, Lebanon and in mountains of Jordan and Saudi Arabia and in some regions of Iran such as Ilam [5]. The leaves of Nafe Venus is used freshly or dried mixed with yogurt for treating burned skin. Moreover, the decoction of the leaves was used to treat skin infections, carbuncles, urinary tract infections and kidney stone disposal [5-7].
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an aromatic flowering plant in the family Apiaceae or Umbelliferae [8, 9]. The important and effective components of cumin include: myrtenal, trans-carveol, O-cymene, cuminique alcohol and many other materials [9-11]. Several medicinal properties are attributed to cumin, including healing the common cold, jaundice, diarrhea, indigestion and bloating. Moreover, therapeutic properties against fungi, bacteria and viruses for cumin have been reported [8, 12].
Ginger consists of thick squamate root of the monocotyledonous plant Zingiber officinale, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae [13]. Various studies have shown that ginger has many therapeutic properties including antidiabetic, anti-arthritic, anti-microbial activities against various bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is known throughout history as a medicinal plants [14-18] .
Saprophytic fungi include some of the most common indoor and outdoor molds which can cause different infectious diseases in immunocompromised patients [19].
 Furthermore, some fungi are resistant to routinely used antifungals and some patients do not tolerate chemical antifungals. For this reason, the present study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of methanol-chloroform, alcoholic and aqueous extract of Umbilicus intermedius boiss and alcoholic extract of ginger and cumin against fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Mucor species. In addition, some dematiaceous fungi (Stemphylium sp., drechslera sp., Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., Aureobasidium pullulans sp.) and Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. dubliniensis) were used to compare methods.
Materials and Methods
Plant Preparation
The Umbilicus plant (herbarium code: 296) was collected from the mountains of Ilam and Cumin (herbarium code: A170106OFP) and Ginger (herbarium code: A173211ORP) plants were purchased from groceries in Ahvaz and Yazd, respectively. Plants were completely washed with cold water and then dried in a dark place. Then, they were completely powdered by a household mill and stored at a dark and dried place at the room temperature until use.
Preparation of alcoholic, aqueous and metanol chloroform extracts
Ten grams of plant powder were added to 250 ml of 80% ethanol in a dark vessel and completely mixed on a shaker at 25-30°C for 72 hours at 150 rpm. The mixture was filtered twice using a filter paper (Whatman No-1) and filtrate was placed in an oven at 40°C until the elimination of the alcohol, Then it was stored at 4°C until use [6, 20].
Ten grams of plant powder were added in 50 ml of boiling distilled water, while shaking once every few minutes for 72 hours. Finally, the extract was prepared as explained above [21].
In a dark bottle, 25 ml of 80% methanol was mixed with 25 ml of chloroform; it was then,added to 7.87 grams of powdered plant. Later, it was shaken in a refrigerator incubator in 10°C at 100 rpm for 72 hours. Finally, supernatant was filtrated twice by using a filter paper and extract was prepared as mentioned above [22].
Preliminary preparation of fungal samples
Twenty nine fungal strains were collected in the laboratories of mycology department of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. The strains were confirmed by using standard methods [23-25]. All strains were cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) (Bio life, Italian) and incubated at 35°C for 24 hours for yeasts and filamentous fungi at 25°C for 3-7 days.
Preparation of standard fungal suspension
The fungi, mostly collected in autumn and spring, were re-cultured on SDA. A suspension of the yeast strains were adjusted according to CLSI M44-A using a spectrophotometer in a concentration of 1-5×106 (a 0.5 McFarland standard). In addition, the suspensions of filamentous fungi were prepared spectrophotometrically to optical densities ranging from 0.09 to 0.11 in accordance with CLSI M51-A [26].
Disc diffusion method: One hundred μL of fungal suspensions were spread on SDA medium and kept at room temperature for 10-15 minutes. After the microbial suspensions were completely absorbed, blank discs (diameter of 6.4 mm, PADTAN TEB Co., Iran) impregnated with 25 μL different concentrations (200, 100 and 50 mg/ml) of the extracts, were placed on the plate's surface. Yeasts were then incubated at 35°C for 24 hours and saprophytic fungi at room temperature for 3-7 days [6]. Finally, diameter inhibition of zone by extracts around each disc was measured.
Agar well diffusion method
According to disc diffusion method, medium was prepared and inoculated with fungi. The wells were made using a 6.0 mm diameter glass tube.  Then, wells were poured with 50 μL of the extracts with mentioned above concentrations. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution was used for negative control and fluconazole (Bioanalyse co., Turkey), and amphotericin B (Bioanalyse co., Turkey ) for positive control. Finally, diameter inhibition of zone around each well was measured [3].
Mixing with culture medium method (MCM)
Firstly, several dilutions (2000,1600, 800, 400, 200 and 100 mg/ml) of tested extracts were prepared using PBS, and 100 µL of each concentration was mixed with 10 ml of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) (45-50˚C (and poured into an 8 cm plate. A PDA without any extract was prepared as control. A piece of fresh fungus colonies (1 x 1 cm) was then placed in the center of the plate and incubated at a temperature of 25-27°C for 3-7 days (filamentous fungi) and 35°C for 24 hours (Yeast). Growth diameter of the samples and controls were measured and percent growth inhibition were calculated with the following equation [27-29].

IP = Percentage of growth inhibition
C = Mean diameter of fungus colony in control
T = Mean diameter of fungus colony in the tested concentration of extracts
Results
The inhibitory efficacy of extracts was evaluated by disc diffusion, agar wells and mixing the extracts with culture medium methods against several molds and yeasts pathogens. In this study, it was found that all three extracts have no inhibitory effect on tested fungi using both methods, disc and agar wells diffusion methods (Fig. 1). In disc diffusion method, fluconazole 10, 50 and amphotericin B 100 Mcg were used as controls; C. albicans were sensitive to fluconazole 50 and amphotericin B 100, A. terreus sensitive only to fluconazole 50 (Fig. 2). The extracts inhibited the black and hyaline fungi growth when used MCM method. Specially, Umbilicus intermedius boiss showed a better inhibitory effect than the other two extracts (Fig. 3). The inhibitory values of ginger, cumin and average different extracts of Umbilicus intermedius boiss, against Alternaria sp., in concentration of 2000 mg/ml per plate were 24.56%, 38.46%, 54.33% respectively, whereas, the inhibitory values against A. terreus were 23.4%, 12% and 21.7% for ginger, cumin and average different extracts of Umbilicus intermedius boiss, respectively. It is indicated that all extracts are more effective on black fungi than others. However, C. albicans was resistant to this method as well (Table 1). In this study, Umbilicus extract decreased the pigment produce in the A. niger and the A. flavus in agar-diffusion disc method (Fig. 4).
 

 
 
Table 1. Percent growth inhibition of cumin, ginger and Umbilicus intermedius boiss extract using the MCM method against fungi strains
Fungi Concentrations (mg/mL) Growth time (day)
Herbal extract 100 200 400 800 1600 2000
Alternata sp. IP.Gi 20.51 25.64 30.76 27.54 28.8 28.56 3
12.2 14.03 15.78 17.5 22.8 24.56 7
IP.Cu 28.2 30.77 33.33 35.89 38.46 38.46 3
14.03 17.54 21.05 28.07 31.57 33.33 7
IP.U.C-M 5 56.4 56.4 53.8 56.5 56.7 3
1.7 42.1 44 42.1 43.2 44.1 7
IP.U.AQ 10.2 48.7 53.8 51.3 51.45 52.2 3
3.5 42.1 45.6 47.3 47.3 47.5 7
IP.U.AL 7.6 53.8 56.4 53.8 54 54.1 3
0 36.8 38.6 40.4 40.4 40.5 7
A. terreus IP.Gi 0 10.7 21.4 21.5 23.1 23.4 3
IP.Cu 7.1 10.7 7.1 10.2 10.6 12 3
IP.U.C- M 0 3.5 7.1 14 26.7 30.1 3
IP.U. AQ 10.7 17 7.1 14 17.2 17.8 3
IP.U.AL 3.5 14 17 17 17.1 17.3 3
C. albicans IP.Gi - - - - - - Up to 3
IP.Cu - - - - - - Up to 3
IP.U.C-M - - - - - - Up to 3
IP.U. AQ - - - - - - Up to 3
IP.U.AL - - - - - - Up to 3
IP.Gi=Inhibitory percentage of Ginger officinal extract; IP.Cu=Inhibitory percentage of cumin cyminum L extract; IP.U.C-M=Inhibitory percentage Methanol- Chloroform extract of Umbilicus intermedius boiss; IP.U.AQ=Inhibitory percentage aqueous extract(watery) of Umbilicus intermedius boiss; IP.U.AL=Inhibitory percentage of alcoholic extract of Umbilicus intermedius boiss
 
Although the growth inhibition of extracts against Alternaria sp. fluctuated in various concentration, the extracts were more effective on the third day than the seventh day of growth (Table 1).
Discussion
In the present study, antifungal susceptibility of three plant extracts were surveyed against various fungi, e.g. Alternaria sp. (cause allergic respiratory diseases) [30], A. terreus (resistance to amphotericin B) [31] and Candida sp. (cause opportunistic yeast infections) [32]. Cumin and ginger are widely used as a spice in the Indian subcontinent and some other Asian, African and Latin American countries. Umbilicus intermedius boiss (Nafe venus), distributed in the West of Iran such as Ilam province, grows in arid areas and is traditionally used to treat various infectious diseases [5-7]. In recent years, due to drug resistance, using medicinal plants has been widely considered. Umbilicus intermedius boiss extract has not yet been tested against various mold fungi.
Mahmoudi et al.[33] demonstrated that the essential oil of cumin has a good inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas syringae. Moreover, Rozegar et al. [6] surveyed in vitro inhibitory effect of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Umbilicus intermedius boiss on Staphylococcus aureus and P. aeruginosa and showed aqueous extract having a higher antibacterial effect compared with the alcoholic extract.
Baljeet et al. [34] showed that fungi are sensitive to cumin and ginger extracts which is consistent with our study. They reported that the diameter of inhibition zones of extracts, of cumin and ginger range from 16.3 to 18.3 mm against C. albicans, but Rhizopus azygosporus is resistant to these. However, in our study, C. albicans isolate was resistant to all three herbs by all methods, probably because the tested C. albicans isolates were isolated from women with Candida vaginitis and indeed these isolates are resistant to these compounds but the extracts mentioned can be effective on non-clinical strains. On the basis of the study data, alcholic extract of cumin inhibited only 12% growth of A. terreus but Mohammadpour and et al. reported the C. cyminum L. oil kill more than 60% of the spores of the four Aspergillus species tested within 12 hours [11]. In a study performed by Kedia et al. (2014), C. cyminum showed a fungicidal effect against Alternaria sp. that amounted to 100% mycelial inhibition at the dose of 0.6 µl/ml concentration [21]. Skrinjar and Nemet in a study indicated that ginger and cumin bear weak and medium inhibitory effects against Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp. and many other fungi [35]; our study shows that ginger has different effects and almost similar inhibitory effect on tested fungi.
Interestingly, in the present study, Zingiber officinale was effective on all of the tested fungi except Candida species. Srinivasan et al. [36] in study on antimicrobial activity employed fifty medicinal plants used in folkloric medicine and concluded that Zingiber officinale shows reaction against all the tested pathogenic bacteria and candida sp, having, however, no effect on Aspergillus species. Whereas in our study, Zingiber officinale was effective on Aspergillus spp, it had no effect on Candida species. Romagnoli et al. showed that cumin is active against all tested fungi, in particular on the dermatophytes. They also reported that inhibitory effect of cumin extract on Alternaria sp. is 19.6 % and 81.4% for 5 and 20 µ per disc respectively [37] . But in our study, disc diffusion method showed no inhibitory effect, while the inhibitory percentages of 100 and 2000 mg/ml per 10 ml of culture medium (plate) were 14.03% and 33.3% respectively. In this study, as a secondary outcome, it was observed that Umbilicus extract decreased the pigment produce in the A. niger and the A. flavus in agar-diffusion disc method that proved to be interesting (Fig. 4). These natural compounds (pigment) can bear pathogenicity as well as mutagenic and carcinogenic potential [38].
Conclusion
The study suggests that cumin and ginger plant extracts can partially inhibit the growth of fungi but umbilicus intermedius boiss can only prevent the growth of some fungi. This amount of inhibitory strength of extracts fails to be dependent on the type of extraction, whereas it is dependent on concentration of the extract and the test method. These findings may depend on the nature and type of chemical compounds of the plant extract and on how it is distributed in the culture medium; this should be considered in determining the inhibitory effect of plant extracts.
Conflict of Interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Acknowledgment
This study was a part of MSc thesis supported by a grant No. 95121 from Ahvaz Jundi Shapur Univer­sity of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
 
 
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Type of Study: Research | Subject: Mycology
Received: 2019/03/12 | Accepted: 2019/10/2 | Published: 2019/11/1
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