Immunology in Aging: Strategies for Enhancing Immune Function in the Elderly

Marzban, Ameneh

doi:10.18502/ijml.v11i4.20087

Volume 11, Issue 4 (November 2024) IJML 2024, 11(4): 272-273 | Back to browse issues page

‎ 10.18502/ijml.v11i4.20087

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Marzban A. Immunology in Aging: Strategies for Enhancing Immune Function in the Elderly. IJML 2024; 11 (4) :272-273
URL: http://ijml.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-543-en.html

Immunology in Aging: Strategies for Enhancing Immune Function in the Elderly

Ameneh Marzban ^*

Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Keywords: Aging, Immunosenescence, Inflammaging, Nutrition, Vaccination

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Dear Editor,
Aging is an inevitable process that significantly affects various physiological systems, including the immune system [1]. A phenomenon known as “immunosenescence” referring to the gradual decline in immune function with age, presents major challenges for elderly populations, making them more vulnerable to infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer [2]. In addition to weakened immune responses, older individuals often experience low-grade, chronic inflammation, termed “inflammaging,” which exacerbates age-related conditions [3]. Given the global rise in life expectancy, addressing these immunological challenges is essential for promoting healthy aging. This letter highlights the significance of immunological research in older adults and proposes strategies to improve immune function in this vulnerable population [4].
Immunosenescence is characterized by reduced innate and adaptive immune responses, resulting in diminished vaccine efficacy, particularly for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, due to impaired T-cell and B-cell function [5]. This decline increases the risk of preventable diseases. Chronic inflammation in the elderly contributes to the progression of cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases [6]. Moreover, the aging immune system struggles to clear pathogens efficiently, resulting in prolonged infections and complications. Dysregulation of immune tolerance mechanisms can also lead to autoimmune conditions, further compromising health [1].

To confront these challenges, innovative approaches grounded in immunological advances are essential [2]. One such strategy involves optimizing vaccination protocols. Developing vaccines specifically designed for older adults, such as adjuvanted or high-dose formulations, can improve immune responses. Personalized vaccination schedules based on immunological profiling may further enhance efficacy [3]. Nutrition also plays a vital role in maintaining immune health. Nutrients such as vitamin D, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to strengthen immune responses, and targeted supplementation can help reduce the risk of infection. Anti-inflammatory therapies aimed at reducing inflammaging include anti-inflammatory drugs, caloric restriction, and lifestyle modifications such as regular physical activity [4].
Recent progress in immunotherapy offers promising avenues for restoring immune function in the elderly [5]. Treatments like immune checkpoint inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies may be repurposed to counteract immunosenescence and bolster defenses against infections and cancer [6].
Finally, research on the gut microbiome has revealed its critical role in regulating immune responses. Microbial imbalance, or dysbiosis, is common in aging populations and contributes to immune dysfunction. Interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary strategies aimed at restoring a healthy microbiome offer a hopeful outlook for enhancing immune health in older adults.

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