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A Systematic Review of the Evidence on the Effects of Cytomegalovirus on Abortion
Farzaneh Alaei Sheini, Malihe Tabnak, Maryam Hasanzadeh Bezvan, Mojdeh Mahdiannasser, Hadis Musavi, Hamid Choobineh, Mojtaba Abbasi,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (August 2018)
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a species of Herpesviridae showing no clinical symptoms in the earlier stage of infection in pregnant women. Nevertheless, it can be transmitted to the baby through saliva, body fluids, blood and cervical secretions. The aim of this study is a systematic review of the effects of CMV on abortion. Data were collected from Web of Science (ISI), PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, and EMBASE databases published by May 2018. The keywords used included abortion, current abortion, B19, Cytomegalovirus, spontaneous abortion, and placenta. The National Institutes of Health's Quality Assessment Tool was used for quality assessment. Fifteen papers from 1993 to 2018 were reviewed 11 of which were descriptive-analytic and the remaining 6 were case-control. In the case-control studies, the control group consisted of healthy pregnant women with no history of abortion. The case group comprised women who had experienced abortion and recurrent abortion. The maximum sample size included 779 and the minimum included 17 cases of abortion. The highest incidence of CMV infection in abortion was 100% reported by Saraswathy and 97% in the study of Tarokhian. The lowest was observed by Oliveira with 0.04% and by Kakru with 16%.The results of most studies indicate that CMV infection can lead to abortion by transfer through body fluids activation of the uterine inflammatory response and immune response, as well as transfer into embryonic tissues.

Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies in Multiple Sclerosis
Hadis Musavi, Hemen Moradi-Sardareh, Mohammad Javad Mousavi, Saeed Aslani, Amirhooman Asadi, Mojtaba Abbasi,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (February 2019)
Abstract
Despite the various therapies available, the use of monoclonal antibodies is a highly specific approach that has only recently been of interest to researchers. The properties of antibodies have led to their use in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes and multiple sclerosis (MS). MS, a chronic inflammatory disease, occurs commonly in young adults. The disease is one of the attractive options for monoclonal antibody therapy because it has no definitive drug for its treatment. Antibodies, by targeting different molecules, have different mechanisms to improve the disease. Treatment with monoclonal antibody has culminated in a clear divergence in paradigm and concentration in MS therapeutics. Application of monoclonal antibody in early inflammatory phases can inhibit or postpone the disability in MS subjects. Ocrelizumab and daclizumab are currently under investigation by late phase III trials, and some other monoclonal antibodies are in the early stages of clinical trials. Monoclonal antibodies are of special structural features (including chimeric, humanized, or fully humanized) as well as specific targets (such as stimulation of signal transduction by binding to receptors, blocking interactions, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity), thus providing various mechanisms of actions during MS therapy. In the present paper, we reviewed different monoclonal antibodies used in MS, their mechanism of action and theirs target molecules.
Plasma Iron Indices in Pregnant Women Referred to the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
Amos Dangana, Anthony Uchenna Emeribe, Sanusi Musa, Lugos Moses, Christopher Ogar, Charles Ugwu, Chibueze Obi-George, Jessy Medugu, Olasoji Matthew Billyrose, Idris Nasir Abdullahi,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (August 2020)
Abstract
Background and Aims: Iron Deficiency (ID) is a common obstetric problem and nutritional disorder that occurs mostly in developing countries. Hence, nutritional studies are required every few years to determine the necessary healthcare interventions for pregnant women. This cross-sectional study evaluated the plasma iron, ferritin, transferrin, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) levels of pregnant women referred to the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 58 non-pregnant women, 22 pregnant women in the first trimester, 52 in second, and 44 in the third trimester. The plasma ferritin concentration of these samples was measured by chemiluminescence assay, while the plasma transferrin, TIBC, and iron concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma ferritin levels <15μg/L were considered ID.
Results: The overall prevalence of ID in pregnant women was 33.1%. However, the prevalence of ID was 29.3%, 22.7%, 34.6%, and 36.4% among non-pregnant women, women in the first trimester, second and third trimester, respectively. The mean±SEM iron levels were significantly higher among pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women (p=0.004). There was no significant difference in the mean±SEM of plasma ferritin, transferrin and TIBC concentrations between pregnant and non-pregnant women (p>0.05). Nevertheless, the mean±SEM plasma iron, ferritin, and UIBC significantly differed across the gestational ages of pregnant women (p<0.05).
Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence of ID during pregnancy, which increases with the trimester of affected women. Healthcare interventional measures that can address ID are recommended.

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